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Love - Wikipedia. Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonalaffection (. It can refer to an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment. Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: limerence, amour de soi, and courtly love. Non- Western traditions have also distinguished variants or symbioses of these states. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.
Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as . Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. In addition to cross- cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry. Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's . Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection ("I love my mother") to pleasure ("I loved that meal"). Rather, it did so on two bases: “disparate impact on minority interests” (i.e., DOMA targeted gays) and “federalism concerns.”. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as . For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' . If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia. It is a much more potent sentiment than a simple liking for a person. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with interpersonal relationships. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania. Pair of Lovers. 1. Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the 2. 0th century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding the concept of love. Biological basis. Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates find attractive and pursue, conserving time and energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short- term relationships have. Psychologist. Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non- love does not include any of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty love only includes commitment. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Lastly, consummate love includes all three. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy. Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the . Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Another factor may be that sexually transmitted diseases can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy. Certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. Cultural views. Ancient Greek. Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word . Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or platonic desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self- emptying or divine love (agape). At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verbagapo having the same meaning as phileo. Agape (. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a . However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as . The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as . Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean . It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Ancient Roman (Latin)The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word . The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, . The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times). This same root also produces amicus—. Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents. Latin sometimes uses am. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delect. Diligere often has the notion . This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of . Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote . As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb. Chinese and other Sinic cultures. It can also be interpreted as a hand offering one's heart to another hand. Online Dating: Match Me If You Can. You can find the right person more effectively by choosing the right site, which means determining the demographics it caters to and figuring out whether a large or niche site will best serve your needs. Our survey found that Ok. Top rated clip: Mormon teen gets cumshot (07m:00s). Watch largest collection of free porn movies on pornSOS. Updates every 5 minutes. Cupid and Tinder, both free, were more popular among millennials than Generation Xers and baby boomers, who were both more likely to use a paid subscription- based dating website or app. And we found that the free sites generally did marginally better than the paid ones, presumably because they offer a better value.“You’re generally going to be best off starting your search on the . Kate, the government analyst, has started using Tastebuds, a site based on music preferences. Many dating sites rely on matchmaking algorithms the same way that Netflix uses them to recommend movies. So if you live in the Denver area, you’re a single heterosexual man in his 5. Apps like Bumble, Grindr, or Tinder use things like your location and sexual preference. Tinder is set up more like a game, where you swipe left on photos of people you’re not interested in and right on ones you are. If the interest is mutual, you can send messages to each other. Because these apps are based on proximity and users don’t have to fill out lengthy profiles, many of them have a reputation for promoting hooking up rather than creating lasting relationships. But that can happen on any site, says Laurie Davis Edwards, a professional dating coach and founder of e. Flirt in Los Angeles, which helps clients navigate the dating world. It’s more important what your intention is, and approaching the technology with that mindset.”And even the best matches can’t account for that most ineffable of things: chemistry. Joseph Lynn, 5. 0, was matched with a woman who seemed perfect. Don’t take this the wrong way, but I feel like I’m having dinner with my brother.’ I was about to say the same thing.”Disappointment, clearly, is almost unavoidable. Our survey found that among those reluctant to try online dating, 2. Veteran online daters become adept at realizing when a match is going nowhere. When Marc Riolo, a retired 6. Washington State, started online dating in his late 5. But persistence paid off for Riolo: He’s been dating a woman he met on Yahoo Personals for the past 9 years.“She didn’t have an agenda; we both just wanted someone to do things with,” he says. They live separately but spend about half of the week together. Probeer en ontdek Rosie nu gratis. Meld je nu aan op Rosie en ga op sexavontuur, er is voor iedereen een match te vinden. Ben je bi-schierig of wil je graag een. Match.com can help you find more compatible lesbian dates. Sign up to meet lesbians looking for love on Match.com, one of the best lesbian dating sites today! Where that person taught and what subject kept changing. But that runs counter to another user concern: privacy. Among those singles in our survey who hadn’t tried online dating, one in 1. To take advantage of this promotion, simply click any Match link on Next. Advisor. com. We also asked them to rate each of our reviewed online dating sites. In fact, it found several people that are pretty promising. I think it also has a younger, more urban user- base, which is good for me. I'm in my early 3. Match didn't seem as touchy- feely with its questions, I think it's more interest- based, but that's important to me. So, I can't be sure that it's the matching features, or the people signed up, but.. How can I put this? The people are attractive and interesting, and well suited to my type. Plus, hey, someone actually sent me an email, so that's a success, isn't it? This one would be my first choice. It was easy and actually fun and I instantly found three hot guys! I found the profile quiz to be thorough and not too long, I also appreciated its common sense approach. Once I got my matches back I saw that Match stayed within my age preferences; however, they seemed to ignore my request for matches to be within 2. Overall, I felt comfortable with this site and I was able to get a great feel for the personalities of the guys matched with me, if only they lived in the same state. If you want to peruse hundreds of possible matches or search for someone with a specific set of characteristics, Match should be your first stop. You'll answer basic questions about yourself and your desired partner by selecting from checklists and drop- down menus, with occasional chances to elaborate in your own words. The only required long answer is a minimum 2. Finally, you'll upload a primary photo and, even before you've subscribed, you'll have the option of adding up to 2. For $3. 9. 9. 9, a dedicated expert will review your information and offer advice to help you make the most of your Match experience, and a professional writer will help craft a profile that makes the best possible impression. The search function, though, is Match's most impressive feature. You can do a quick search for same or opposite sex matches by age and location, or search based on the preferences you indicated in your profile, or you can do a custom search, which allows you to fine- tune your criteria. Or you can search for a word or phrase, if you're looking for someone with a particular hobby or trait. If you want to send an email or instant message, you'll need to subscribe to Match. Paying members can send messages to nonpaying members, but nonpaying members are not able to respond or even see who sent the message. Since Match does not distinguish between active members with paid subscriptions and those who are unable to send or view messages, this can be problematic and frustrating for members who send messages that may never be seen by the recipient. In our opinion, this is the most significant flaw in Match's service. You'll also be able to see who's been viewing your profile, who's saved you to their favorites, and who found you interesting when your profile was suggested as a potential match. Plus, you'll have access to tools to help manage and track your connections. If you choose a Bundle Plan, you will also receive notifications when someone reads your emails, be among the first profiles new members receive in their email and your profile will be highlighted in color to stand out from the rest. In order to take advantage of this guarantee, users must create a truthful profile that includes a primary photo, and keep it visible for the duration of the first six months. Users must also communicate with new matches throughout the first six months, sending emails through Match to at least five different members each month. In order to receive the additional six months free, you must go to the 6- Month Guarantee Progress page within your Match account during the last week of your initial six month subscription, and confirm your eligibility. If you know what you want, whether it's a conservative Christian who loves riding horses and can't wait to have kids, a vegan liberal who speaks three languages, or the most attractive person in your zip code, Match is a great place to look. Dating a Virgo Man - Tips to Make a Virgo Man Fall in Love With You. Virgoman. So, you’re dating a Virgo man. The simple fact he’s chosen you of all the girls available should give you a boost already. Because Virgos are meticulous about everything that is important to them, and romance is definitely one of those things. Happy she’s dating a Virgo! However, are you reading this because your best/annoying friend told you her one date with a Virgo man ended in tears? If so, then the following is my gift to you on how to make the best of your date with a Virgo. Do you remember the quiz, Who Wants to be a Millionaire? The reason I ask is because Virgos are extremely cultured and intelligent people, so much so that they should have been your . So if you hadn’t done already, I suggest you take a quick look at the day’s news in case he asks you what you thought of the crisis in the Middle East – Seriously! I once ended a relationship with a girl because she’d never heard of the hospital superbug bacteria, MRSA.
You can be sure that your Virgo man has chosen somewhere elegant but yet comfortable to take you on your date. Mirror this when choosing something to wear, as he won’t be impressed if you turn up showing so much flesh, you’re almost offering yourself on a plate. Likewise, if you hide yourself under too many layers and unflattering shapes, he’ll be equally put off. Once you’re on the date, relax. But not too much. If you really want to make a Virgo man fall in love with you, watch your manners and etiquette whilst at the table. You won’t notice it, but within 4. If these things aren’t in tip- top condition then forget about a whirlwind romance, as Virgo men cannot comprehend untidiness in a person. This may seem a little extreme, but our ethos is, . But please, use this opportunity wisely. Do not overtake the entire evening with vacuous conversations such as who is now dating Kim Kardashian, or if we knew Cameron Diaz had really bad skin. We all know she covers it with tons of make- up – Enough already! Entertain us with wonderful and intriguing things you’ve done, or places you’ve been. Keep your unrealistic fantasies to yourself, because Virgos are not ruled by emotion, but rather by being rational and practical. No one said love would be easy, but if you can manage at least two- thirds of the above, you will have yourself a caring, unselfish and understanding man in your life. There’s nothing better than dating a Virgo man and making him fall in love with you. This could be you. One last thing. At the end of the date with your Virgo man, if he says you should split the bill, ditch him. Seriously, he’s an imposter. Probably a Capricorn. This pretend Virgo/fraudster is probably the one your friend dated and made her cry. Get out of there! Virgo Man Categories: Blog, Dating Advice. 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Almost all the mass of an. The mass of a proton or. E - 2. 4 grams or one AMU, atomic mass. The mass of an electron is 9. E - 2. 8 grams. This number is. It is not. possible for anyone or any machine that uses light to actually. The wavelength of light is too. The atomic number is the number of. Notice that there is one and only one integer from 1 - 1. Each element fits neatly into its niche in the Periodic Table. Carbon is an extraordinary element. It occurs in more different forms than any other element in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows. Here of some of the well-tested methods of dating used in the study of early humans: Potassium-argon dating, Argon-argon dating, Carbon-14 (or Radiocarbon), and. Read the latest and breaking Environmental News include weather updates, climate change, global warming, conservation, animals, water, energy and more. In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources. Another number that you can. It is oversimplifying only a little to say that this. The number is called the atomic weight. The number of protons defines the type of element. If. an atom has six protons, it is carbon. If it has 9. 2 protons, it. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an element. Carbon 1. 2 is the commonest type of. The mass of the. electrons is negligible. Carbon 1. 2 has a mass of twelve. Carbon. 1. 3 has six protons and seven neutrons. Carbon 1. 4 has six protons. Carbon 1. 4 is radioactive because, as. The nucleus tends to pop apart. The proper. ratio of protons to neutrons is about one to one for small. Types of an element in which every atom has the. Carbon 1. 4 is a radioactive isotope of. Any carbon 1. 4 that was made at the time the earth was. Carbon 1. 4 is continuously made. This carbon 1. 4 when taken. CO2 will also be taken into. We can. find out how much carbon 1. We can get a very. This. process is called . As a. whole element, carbon has a more or less fixed proportion of. For this reason, we can determine a. On a. periodic chart you may see some atomic weights that are integers. These are usually on the very large or. That is not really an. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. FORMULA WEIGHT OR MOLECULAR WEIGHT OR FORMULA. MASS OR MOLAR MASS. Now with the atomic weight information we can consider. Let's take. chloride, HCl. One hydrogen atom is attached to one chlorine. A hydrogen atom has a. AMU and a chlorine atom has a mass of 3. AMU. We could weigh 1. There would be the same number of. They could join together to. HCl with no hydrogen or chlorine left over. If we take one. gram of a material for every AMU of mass in the atoms of. In the case of the HCl, we. The molecular weight of HCl is. The way to. calculate the molecular weight of any formula is to add up the. The formula has one copper. To get the formula weight of this compound we would add up. Copper II sulfate pentahydrate is. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION. Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative. Free (unattached) uncharged atoms have the same. The. protons are in the nucleus and do not change or vary except in. The electrons are in discrete pathways or. There is a ranking or hierarchy of the. As we consider the electron configuration of. When electrons have higher energy, they may. The. electron of a hydrogen atom travels around the proton nucleus in. The two electrons of helium. The first shell only has one subshell, and that. Each. orbital has a place for two electrons. The spherical shape of. Helium is the last element in the. Being an inert element, it indicates that that. Shell number one has only one s subshell. Each orbital. only has room for two electrons. So the. first shell, called the K shell, has only two electrons. Beginning with lithium, the electrons do not have room in the. Lithium has two electrons in the. The first shell fills. Periodic Chart, but the sequence is not. The second energy level has room for eight. The second energy level has not only an s. The. p subshell can. The p subshell has a shape of. With the s and p subshells. L shell, can hold a total of eight. You can see. this on the periodic chart. Lithium has one electron in the. L shell. Beryllium has two electrons in the. The s subshell fills first, so all other. Neon has a full shell of eight electrons. L shell, meaning the neon is an inert. Beginning again at sodium with one electron in the outside. M shell fills its s and p subshells. The fourth period. After the addition of the. The shells or energy levels are numbered or lettered. K. So K is one, L is two, M is three, N is four, O. P is six, and Q is seven. As the s shells can only. The sequence of addition of the. It is tempting to put an 8s. R shell. One. way to know this. There is a bit of a pattern in it. As you go from hydrogen down the chart, the. Groups 1 and 2 represent the filling of an s subshell. The filling of a d subshell is represented by the. Here is a copy of the periodic chart as you have usually seen it. And here is the same chart re- arranged with the Lanthanides and Actinides. Group I and II afterward. Both of these charts are. H and He) are turquoise. All other elements with an s. Groups I and II) are outlined in blue. Lanthanides. and actinides are in grey. Other transition elements are in yellow, and all of. You may be able to see it better with the subshell areas labeled. There are. several other schemes to help you remember the sequence. The shape of the s subshells is spherical. The shape. of the p subshells is the shape of three barbells at. The shape of the d and f subshells is. Electron configuration is the . The shells were historically named for the. Their names began with . The numbers one through seven have since been. Notice that I have included an. The electron configuration is written out with the first. The letter is the orbital. The smaller. superscript number is the number of electrons in that orbital. You first must know the orbitals. A p orbital. has six electrons. An f orbital has. You can tell what type of orbital it is by the. The chart reads from. English. writing. Any element with over 2. For instance, scandium, element #2. Notice that the other. It is a. due to the . The totals on the right indicate using whole rows. If an. element has an atomic number over thirty- eight, take all the. Iodine is number. For its electron configuration you would use all the. You can add up the. Full shells would give you. We have included an R shell (#8) even though there is no such. The chart appears more. The two electrons from the. R shell are in parentheses. We have not yet even made. Q. shell. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION CHARTKLMNOPQR1. TOTALSHere is another way to consider the same scheme. The inert. elements appear at the end of either the first two, an eight, a. Wherever there is the six of a p subshell there is. The electron configuration for xenon is. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION CHARTKLMNOPQR1. HELIUM8 /NEON8 /ARGON2. KRYPTON2. 38. 10. XENON2. 56. 14. 10. RADON2. 88. 14. 10. UND2- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -. TOTALS. . Another type of electron configuration chart is below. These are. more commonly known schemes. All you have to do is follow the. Add up the number. There have been a large number of. In these schemes the inert elements appear. As the other type, this scheme type has its advantages and. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. COMMON ELECTRON CONFIGURATION SCHEME A- -- »1s. COMMON ELECTRON CONFIGURATION SCHEME BAny of these schemes, if used correctly, will give you the. This pattern is correct for all of the elements that are. Transitional Elements or Lanthanides or Actinides. Of the. Transitional Elements and Lanthanides and Actinides about one. The Periodic. Chart below is arranged sideways to show the electron. As you work with the schemes for finding. Sideways. Periodic Chart. The elements that do not fit the pattern. In the Transition Elements that do not. In the Lanthanide and Actinide series any. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. THE OCTET RULE AS SEEN ON THE PERIODIC CHART. The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when. Helium has a full shell, so it is stable, an inert. Hydrogen, though, has only one electron. It can lose an. electron to become H+, a hydrogen ion or it can gain an electron. H- , a hydride ion. All the other shells have an. The s and p subshells. A valence is a likely charge on an element ion. All. of the Group 1 elements have one electron in the outside shell. Group 1 elements will. Group 2 elements all have two electrons in the outer. Beryllium can be a bit. Group 2 elements can lose two. They do not lose only one electron. Many of them have varying valences because they can trade. For this reason they. Group 3 elements have a valence of plus three. Boron is a bit. of an exception to this because it is so small it tends to bond. Aluminum has a valence of +3, but some of the larger. Group 3 elements have more than one valence. The smallest Group 4 elements, carbon and silicon, are. Small Group 4 elements. Larger Group. 4 elements have more than one valence, usually including +4. Small Group 5 elements, nitrogen and phosphorus, are. They tend to either gain three electrons to make an. The larger Group 5 elements have more. Small Group 6 elements, oxygen and sulfur, tend to either gain. The larger Group 6 elements. Group 7 elements all have seven electrons in the outer shell. The Group 7 elements are diatomic gases due to the. All of the inert elements, the noble gases, have a full octet. Back to the beginning of Atomic Structure. SIDEWAYS PERIODIC CHART WITH ELECTRON SHELL. NUMBERSFr#8. 7Cs#5. Rb#3. 7 K #1. 9 Na #1. Carbon (C) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects. Its density fluctuates from 2. The melting point of graphite is 3. Elemental carbon is an inert substance, insoluble in water, diluted acids and bases, as well as organic solvents. At high temperatures it binds with oxygen to form carbon monoxide or dioxide. With hot oxidizing agents, like nitric acid and potassium nitrate, metilic acid C6(CO2. H)6 is obtained. Among the halogens only fluorine reacts with elemental carbon. A high number of metals combine with the element at high temperatures to form carbides. It forms three gaseous components with the oxygen: carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, CO2, and carbon suboxide, C3. O2. The two first ones are the most important from the industrial point of view. Carbon forms compounds with the halogens with CX4 as general formula, where X is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. At ambient temperature carbon tetrafluoride is gas, tetrachloride is liquid and the other two compounds are solids. We also know mixed carbon tetrahalides. The most important of all may be the dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl. F2, called freon. Carbon in the environment. Carbon and its components are widely distributed in nature. The estimation is that carbon forms 0,0. The Earth’s crust. Free carbon is found in big reservoirs like hard coal, amorphous form of the element with other complex compounds of carbon- hydrogen- nitrogen. Pure crystalline carbon is found in the form of graphite and diamond. The Earth's atmosphere contains an ever- increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, form fossil fuel burning, and of methane (CH4), form paddy fields and cows. No element is more essential to life than carbon, because only carbon forms strong single bonds to itself that are stable enough to resist chemical attack under ambient conditions. This give carbon the ability to form long chains and rings of atoms, which are the structural basis for many compounds that comprise the living cell, of which the most important is DNA. Big quantities of carbon are found in the form of compounds. Carbon is present in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide in 0,0. Several minerals, like limestone, dolomite, gypsum and marble, contain carbonates. All the plants and live animals are formed by complex organic compounds where carbon is combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The remains of live plants and animals form deposits: of petroleum, asphalt and bitumen. The natural gas deposits contain compounds formed by carbon and hydrogen. Application. The free element has a lot of uses, including decoration purposes of diamonds in jewelry or black fume pigment in automobile’s rims and printer’s ink. Another carbon form, the graphite, is used for high temperature crucibles, dry cell and light arch electrodes, for pencil tips and as a lubricant. Vegetal carbon, an amorphous form of carbon, is used as gas absorbent and bleaching agent. Carbon compounds have plenty of uses. Carbon dioxide is used in drinks carbonatation, in fire extinguishers and, in solid state, as a cooler (dry ice). Carbon monoxide is used as reduction agent in many metallurgic processes. Carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide are important industrial solvents. Freon is used in cooling systems. Other metallic carbides have important uses as heat- resistants and metal cutters. Health effects of carbon. Elemental carbon is of very low toxicity. Health hazard data presented here is based on exposures to carbon black, not elemental carbon. Chronic inhalation exposure to carbon black may result in temporary or permanent damage to lungs and heart. Pneumoconiosis has been found in workers engaged in the production of carbon black. Skin conditions such as inflammation of the hair follicles, and oral mucosal lesions have also been reported from skin exposure. Carcinogenicity- Carbon black has been listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) within Group 3 (The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans). Some simple carbon compound can be very toxic, such as carbon monoxide (CO) or cyanide (CN- ). Carbon 1. 4 is one of the radionuclides involved in atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, which began in 1. US test, and ended in 1. Chinese test. It is among the long- lived radionuclides that have produced and will continue to produce increased cancers risk for decades and centuries to come. It also can cross the placenta, become organically bound in developing cells and hence endanger fetuses. Most we eat is made up of compounds of carbon, giving a total carbon intake og 3. Digestion consist of breaking these compounds down into molecules than can be adsorbed to the wall of the stomach or intestine. There they are trasported by the blood to sites where they are utilized or oxidised to release the energy they contain. Environmental effects of carbon. No negative environmental effects have been reported. Graphite Diamonds. Back to periodic table of elements. For more information on carbon's place in the environment, move to the carbon cycle. |
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